Foreign Currencies Backed By Gold
The US Dollar was once backed entirely by gold, thus earning the term “greenback.” The Swiss Franc (CHF) was once 40% backed by both gold and silver, until 2006 when the country had to sell its gold and silver reserves to join the IMF. Today, not a single solitary currency on the face of the world is backed even 1% by gold or silver, as all nations have inflated their currencies to unprecedented levels in the past 50 years.
Commodities (Gold) and Currencies
Despite selling its large gold and silver reserves in 2006, the Swiss Franc (CHF) remains as an excellent bet on precious metals. Investors, seeing value in the anonymity and neutrality of Switzerland, typically buy the Swiss Franc as a safehaven investment during turbulent economic times. The USD/CHF pair typically performs to parity with the price of gold, with the dollar typically representing the “anti-gold” and the Swiss Franc a partial gold hedge.
Forex Brokers and Commodities
Since you can’t buy a currency backed by gold, the next best investment would be to buy gold either on the spot or futures markets. Many forex brokers such as Oanda.com and others allow investors to buy spot gold with leverage, enabling the ability to short virtually all currencies. Oanda in particular offers 30:1 leveraging on the spot price of gold, which is one of the best offers in the forex market. Others, such as InteractiveBrokers allow investors to buy and sell on the futures market, which is highly leveraged (100:1) but requires greater timing to profit.
Monday, October 11, 2010
Why Forex Education?
Why Forex Education?
Are you a beginning trader, or even a seasoned trader who is looking for a sound approach to consistent trading? If you are looking for the perfect trading system and immediate results, perhaps you have stumbled upon the wrong website. Currency College is not about getting rich quick! Our focus on sound trading strategies can be helpful in improving the trading skills of students at our Currency College. If you are interested in a black box system or red and green arrows, you might want to visit another website. We are here to help students develop as traders.
Proper training is essential to trading. Many firms in the forex business are simply trying to open as many accounts as possible without any concern for their clients' well-being. Their main concern is that the clients trade and have no interest in whether the clients have relevant trading experience or not. Unfortunately, a trader is like any other entrepreneur - without the proper preparation and expertise, his or her chances of succeeding are greatly reduced. That is the reason why our firm puts so much emphasis into the mentoring of our customers. Our forex training was created to teach our clients a strategy to day trade currencies - a step-by-step approach to trading. A trader that uses a strategy or system to trade may be able to explore the opportunities of trading more extensively. Currency College plans to teach you how to become a trader for life.
Are you a beginning trader, or even a seasoned trader who is looking for a sound approach to consistent trading? If you are looking for the perfect trading system and immediate results, perhaps you have stumbled upon the wrong website. Currency College is not about getting rich quick! Our focus on sound trading strategies can be helpful in improving the trading skills of students at our Currency College. If you are interested in a black box system or red and green arrows, you might want to visit another website. We are here to help students develop as traders.
Proper training is essential to trading. Many firms in the forex business are simply trying to open as many accounts as possible without any concern for their clients' well-being. Their main concern is that the clients trade and have no interest in whether the clients have relevant trading experience or not. Unfortunately, a trader is like any other entrepreneur - without the proper preparation and expertise, his or her chances of succeeding are greatly reduced. That is the reason why our firm puts so much emphasis into the mentoring of our customers. Our forex training was created to teach our clients a strategy to day trade currencies - a step-by-step approach to trading. A trader that uses a strategy or system to trade may be able to explore the opportunities of trading more extensively. Currency College plans to teach you how to become a trader for life.
Foreign Currency Trading Scams
Foreign Currency Trading Scams
Unfortunately, not all websites and brokers out there are out to provide the best services. Many are actually foreign currency trading scams that prey on new investors. There isn’t just one kind of scam, there are many different ways investors may be taken for loads of money in the foreign currency business.
Bad Brokers
One common scam is shoddy brokerages that operate like bucket shops. These trading scams operate on the idea that most traders lose money, and thus do not place trades representative of their clients positions. Instead, bucket shops work like casinos and offer nothing to back trader’s forex positions.
Autmated Scams
Other foreign currency scams include automated trading programs. These programs, which are sold online directly to consumers, are almost always a downright scam. They offer their buyer’s riches, thousands of dollars per day just for letting the automated computer system trade currencies by itself. The fact of the matter is this: if you had a million-dollar trading program, would you sell it online for $100? Call me greedy, but I wouldn’t. You wouldn’t either.
Unfortunately, not all websites and brokers out there are out to provide the best services. Many are actually foreign currency trading scams that prey on new investors. There isn’t just one kind of scam, there are many different ways investors may be taken for loads of money in the foreign currency business.
Bad Brokers
One common scam is shoddy brokerages that operate like bucket shops. These trading scams operate on the idea that most traders lose money, and thus do not place trades representative of their clients positions. Instead, bucket shops work like casinos and offer nothing to back trader’s forex positions.
Autmated Scams
Other foreign currency scams include automated trading programs. These programs, which are sold online directly to consumers, are almost always a downright scam. They offer their buyer’s riches, thousands of dollars per day just for letting the automated computer system trade currencies by itself. The fact of the matter is this: if you had a million-dollar trading program, would you sell it online for $100? Call me greedy, but I wouldn’t. You wouldn’t either.
Forex Account Sizes
Forex Account Sizes
There is plenty of discussion by both strategists and brokerages about appropriate account sizes. While forex is considered highly unregulated compared to other financial markets, most brokers are reasonable and considerate about the proper role of capital in a trading account.
Nearly all brokers have a minimum account balance, and only one (that I know of), Oanda, requires no account balance at all. Most account balance minimums are in the neighborhood of $500 to $1000, which should be more than sufficient for most traders, and strategies, especially in accounts that allow you to trade mini lots (one-tenth the size of whole lots) or units (units are a single piece of currency).
What to Make of an Account Balance
A larger account balance is better for more “rigid” brokers, those that allow trading only in lots or mini lots. A mini lot account, for example, that is funded with $250 will disappear or double with the change of 250 pips in a single currency pair.
A forex brokerage account with no minimums and unit based transactions will allow the most flexibility. An investor could pony up as little as $50 and trade even 1 unit of GBP/USD for example, exposing them to just $1.60 worth of trades. Of course, this isn’t going to make you rich, but its not going to make you poor either. For most people, I recommend this route over a forex demo account.
Account Size and Leverage
Foreign exchange account sizes should also vary by the amount of leverage (buying power) a trader will use. For example, a $250 account at 400:1 is worth just as much as a $2,000 account at 50:1. So this is just one more variable to consider before making a deposit for investment.
There is plenty of discussion by both strategists and brokerages about appropriate account sizes. While forex is considered highly unregulated compared to other financial markets, most brokers are reasonable and considerate about the proper role of capital in a trading account.
Nearly all brokers have a minimum account balance, and only one (that I know of), Oanda, requires no account balance at all. Most account balance minimums are in the neighborhood of $500 to $1000, which should be more than sufficient for most traders, and strategies, especially in accounts that allow you to trade mini lots (one-tenth the size of whole lots) or units (units are a single piece of currency).
What to Make of an Account Balance
A larger account balance is better for more “rigid” brokers, those that allow trading only in lots or mini lots. A mini lot account, for example, that is funded with $250 will disappear or double with the change of 250 pips in a single currency pair.
A forex brokerage account with no minimums and unit based transactions will allow the most flexibility. An investor could pony up as little as $50 and trade even 1 unit of GBP/USD for example, exposing them to just $1.60 worth of trades. Of course, this isn’t going to make you rich, but its not going to make you poor either. For most people, I recommend this route over a forex demo account.
Account Size and Leverage
Foreign exchange account sizes should also vary by the amount of leverage (buying power) a trader will use. For example, a $250 account at 400:1 is worth just as much as a $2,000 account at 50:1. So this is just one more variable to consider before making a deposit for investment.
Trading Forex For a Living
Trading Forex For a Living
So you want to trade forex for a living? Who doesn’t? There are literally hundreds of thousands of people that trade forex for living and you can too!
Making a Living with forex
Making a living with forex may seem to be just a pipe dream, but many, many people are using the foreign exchange market as a way to provide for themselves and family. However, we can’t get too caught up in making millions, as very few traders ever make enough with forex to make a living.
Trading Forex Odds
Of all the traders that try to make millions with currencies, very few succeed and the majority fail miserably. Statistics prove that of all the traders who will set out to make a living with forex, only a small fraction will, while 90% of traders will lose everything in their first year. However, this isn’t always the case. Famed forex trader George Soros rose to be a billionaire with just one successful forex trade!
Where to Start Trading For a Living
To make a living trading forex, you’ll need to be well educated about the ins and outs of the foreign exchange market. Certainly, you wouldn’t try to make a living as a surgeon if you hadn’t yet completed medical school, and you can’t expect the same results with forex. Making money takes time, patience, and the ability to learn. If you’ve got those three criteria met, you’ll find yourself quickly advancing in the foreign exchange market, and making a living may not be so far off!
So you want to trade forex for a living? Who doesn’t? There are literally hundreds of thousands of people that trade forex for living and you can too!
Making a Living with forex
Making a living with forex may seem to be just a pipe dream, but many, many people are using the foreign exchange market as a way to provide for themselves and family. However, we can’t get too caught up in making millions, as very few traders ever make enough with forex to make a living.
Trading Forex Odds
Of all the traders that try to make millions with currencies, very few succeed and the majority fail miserably. Statistics prove that of all the traders who will set out to make a living with forex, only a small fraction will, while 90% of traders will lose everything in their first year. However, this isn’t always the case. Famed forex trader George Soros rose to be a billionaire with just one successful forex trade!
Where to Start Trading For a Living
To make a living trading forex, you’ll need to be well educated about the ins and outs of the foreign exchange market. Certainly, you wouldn’t try to make a living as a surgeon if you hadn’t yet completed medical school, and you can’t expect the same results with forex. Making money takes time, patience, and the ability to learn. If you’ve got those three criteria met, you’ll find yourself quickly advancing in the foreign exchange market, and making a living may not be so far off!
Picking The Right Forex Broker
Picking The Right Forex Broker
Picking the right forex broker is often the most important decision any new trader will make. In the past few years, there has been a virtual explosion in the number of forex brokers doing business. To the trader, this is great, as the number of brokers has helped lower the cost of trading and to provide better services and trading tools that were not available before.
Reputation is Everything
Unfortunately the foreign-exchange market is one of the most unregulated in the world, due in part to the fact that the exchange crosses national borders. With no authority to properly regulate the foreign exchange market, many investors find themselves with less than quality brokerages. It is recommended that each investor properly research each broker by searching for reviews about their service.
Picking the right forex broker is often the most important decision any new trader will make. In the past few years, there has been a virtual explosion in the number of forex brokers doing business. To the trader, this is great, as the number of brokers has helped lower the cost of trading and to provide better services and trading tools that were not available before.
Reputation is Everything
Unfortunately the foreign-exchange market is one of the most unregulated in the world, due in part to the fact that the exchange crosses national borders. With no authority to properly regulate the foreign exchange market, many investors find themselves with less than quality brokerages. It is recommended that each investor properly research each broker by searching for reviews about their service.
Forex Technical Analysis
Forex Technical Analysis
Technical analysis is very much different from fundamental analysis in that a technical analyst assumes that the price shows all known information about a currency pair. For the most part, forex technical analysts study charts rather than economic indicators to find the best entry and exit prices.
How Technical Analysis Works
Technical analysts use indicators and chart patterns to find where a currency pair’s price is likely to go. A technical analysts job is to see how investors are changing the price of a currency, and to see who is buying and selling and at what price.
Support and Resistance Basics
Support and resistance lines are some of the most basic technical trading tools. The support line is drawn at an area where the price is likely to rise. A resistance line is drawn where the price is likely to fall. Generally, support and resistance lines work for the small trader because larger investors like banks, hedge funds, and institutions have large buy or sell orders at the price specified. Retail forex investors can make a profit by riding the waves in price created by big investors.
More Complicated than Just Trendlines
There is far more to technical trading than just support and resistance lines, however. There are various indicators like the Relative Strength Index, the Moving Average Convergence Divergence, and even candlestick patterns. But we’ll get into all the small details in individual articles.
Shorter Term than Fundamental Analysis
Though technical analysis can be applied on long term charts, typically it is best suited for short term trading, or trades that last less than a month. Over time, the power of chart patterns and technical analysis is eroded by fundamental factors which play a larger role in the long term movements of a currency pair.
Technical analysis is very much different from fundamental analysis in that a technical analyst assumes that the price shows all known information about a currency pair. For the most part, forex technical analysts study charts rather than economic indicators to find the best entry and exit prices.
How Technical Analysis Works
Technical analysts use indicators and chart patterns to find where a currency pair’s price is likely to go. A technical analysts job is to see how investors are changing the price of a currency, and to see who is buying and selling and at what price.
Support and Resistance Basics
Support and resistance lines are some of the most basic technical trading tools. The support line is drawn at an area where the price is likely to rise. A resistance line is drawn where the price is likely to fall. Generally, support and resistance lines work for the small trader because larger investors like banks, hedge funds, and institutions have large buy or sell orders at the price specified. Retail forex investors can make a profit by riding the waves in price created by big investors.
More Complicated than Just Trendlines
There is far more to technical trading than just support and resistance lines, however. There are various indicators like the Relative Strength Index, the Moving Average Convergence Divergence, and even candlestick patterns. But we’ll get into all the small details in individual articles.
Shorter Term than Fundamental Analysis
Though technical analysis can be applied on long term charts, typically it is best suited for short term trading, or trades that last less than a month. Over time, the power of chart patterns and technical analysis is eroded by fundamental factors which play a larger role in the long term movements of a currency pair.
Fundamental And Technical Analysis Forex Trading
Fundamental And Technical Analysis Forex Trading
There are two different ways to study the foreign exchange market. The first of which, is fundamental analysis which relies on studying the impacts of the world economy on exchange rates. The second of which is technical analysis, which employs studying charts to make profits.
There is no right or wrong way to trade
There is absolutely no right or wrong way to trade the foreign exchange market as both fundamental analysts and technical analysts find the possibility of profit near equal. The different types of analysis have sparked an ongoing debate among the trading community, however, it is our belief that no matter how you profit, you’re still profiting! Making money is making money, no matter how you do it.
Find What Works for You
We’d like to offer you the opportunity to read up on both technical and fundamental analysis and decide for yourself what works better for you. Both trading types can be profitable and both can produce both long and short term results.
There are two different ways to study the foreign exchange market. The first of which, is fundamental analysis which relies on studying the impacts of the world economy on exchange rates. The second of which is technical analysis, which employs studying charts to make profits.
There is no right or wrong way to trade
There is absolutely no right or wrong way to trade the foreign exchange market as both fundamental analysts and technical analysts find the possibility of profit near equal. The different types of analysis have sparked an ongoing debate among the trading community, however, it is our belief that no matter how you profit, you’re still profiting! Making money is making money, no matter how you do it.
Find What Works for You
We’d like to offer you the opportunity to read up on both technical and fundamental analysis and decide for yourself what works better for you. Both trading types can be profitable and both can produce both long and short term results.
Types of Forex Market Orders: Market and Limit
Types of Forex Market Orders: Market and Limit
Now that we know what goes into a trade, we need to also know how to enter the trade to a broker. There are two main types of orders to buy currency, the first of which is a market order, the second is a limit order.
Market Orders
A market order is an order at the current market ask price for a certain currency pair. This type of order is filled instantaneously at whatever price the broker can match up with your entry. Market orders are used by virtually every trader, but are more often used by traders that want to buy at a certain time (now) rather than a certain price.
Limit Orders
A limit order is a special order put into a broker to buy a currency pair at a predetermined price. Let’s say that the current value of the GBP/USD pair is 1.5050 and you want to buy the pair, but at a price lower or higher than the current price. For the sake of discussion, we’ll say you’re interested in buying GBPUSD only at a price of $1.5025 and do not wish to buy it at the current price.
By entering a limit order, you are able to enter the price at which you’d like to buy ($1.5025) and how long you’re willing to wait for the order to be filled. If at any time the price falls to $1.5025, your broker will automatically enter the trade, choosing to buy X number of lots at this predetermined price.
Limit Order Operations
Most brokers will not require you, or your platform, to be logged into your account to execute a limit order. This is both a benefit and a negative, as you’ll be able to log out of your account and still have your orders in place, but should you forget, you might find yourself holding a position that you forgot about. Holding positions unknowingly is dangerous, due to the fact that the market may move wildly without you to close the position either for a profit or loss.
Now that we know what goes into a trade, we need to also know how to enter the trade to a broker. There are two main types of orders to buy currency, the first of which is a market order, the second is a limit order.
Market Orders
A market order is an order at the current market ask price for a certain currency pair. This type of order is filled instantaneously at whatever price the broker can match up with your entry. Market orders are used by virtually every trader, but are more often used by traders that want to buy at a certain time (now) rather than a certain price.
Limit Orders
A limit order is a special order put into a broker to buy a currency pair at a predetermined price. Let’s say that the current value of the GBP/USD pair is 1.5050 and you want to buy the pair, but at a price lower or higher than the current price. For the sake of discussion, we’ll say you’re interested in buying GBPUSD only at a price of $1.5025 and do not wish to buy it at the current price.
By entering a limit order, you are able to enter the price at which you’d like to buy ($1.5025) and how long you’re willing to wait for the order to be filled. If at any time the price falls to $1.5025, your broker will automatically enter the trade, choosing to buy X number of lots at this predetermined price.
Limit Order Operations
Most brokers will not require you, or your platform, to be logged into your account to execute a limit order. This is both a benefit and a negative, as you’ll be able to log out of your account and still have your orders in place, but should you forget, you might find yourself holding a position that you forgot about. Holding positions unknowingly is dangerous, due to the fact that the market may move wildly without you to close the position either for a profit or loss.
The Spread, A Forex Brokers Profit
The Spread, A Forex Brokers Profit
In our example from the previous article, we actually alluded to a few things. The first, is that there were a few costs in our example trade of 1 lot of GBP/USD. The hidden cost is the “spread” or the commission the broker earns for completing our trade.
How Forex Spreads Work
Unlike stocks or other tradeable securities, there is no set commission rate. With stocks, you may be accustomed to paying $6.95 to complete an online trade. In forex, we don’t pay commissions, instead the cost to trade is built into the forex bid and ask prices.
Bid and Ask
The bid and ask prices can be confusing, but we’ll make as much sense of the two prices as we can. The bid price is the price you would get when selling the pair. The ask price, is the price the market is asking for the pair. For instance, the pair GBP/USD may offer a bid price of 1.6101 and an ask price of 1.6104. If you bought the pair at 1.6104, you would immediately be able to sell the pair, at a loss, for 1.6101. Your net profit/loss would be negative 3 pips.
Why the Difference?
The difference between the bid and ask price is the illusive spread mentioned above. This spread is for the broker, for completing our trades. By selling to traders at one price, and buying from traders at another price, the broker is able to make money by completing our trades. A spread of 3 pips would create a profit of $30 for the broker, for each lot traded. This may seem to be horribly expensive, $30 a trade vs $6-7 for stocks, however the spread in forex is actually less than in the stock market.
Stock spreads vs. Forex Spreads
Spreads occur naturally in the stock market as well as in the foreign exchange market. The difference is that the forex market is not a centralized market like the stock markets. When you go to buy stock, there is a spread in the bid/ask price which is profit for the marketmaker, or the person who sits on an exchange and completes orders. In forex, the spread goes to the broker, who is a market maker in that they pair two orders to complete a trade.
All in all, spreads on the stock market are much, much higher than on the foreign exchange. The spread on the foreign exchange market adds up to roughly .03% of a trade. In the stock market, the spread is often 20 times greater, or about .6% of the cost of the trade PLUS the commission to complete the trade. All in all, the costs of trading the foreign exchange market are much cheaper than the stock market.
In our example from the previous article, we actually alluded to a few things. The first, is that there were a few costs in our example trade of 1 lot of GBP/USD. The hidden cost is the “spread” or the commission the broker earns for completing our trade.
How Forex Spreads Work
Unlike stocks or other tradeable securities, there is no set commission rate. With stocks, you may be accustomed to paying $6.95 to complete an online trade. In forex, we don’t pay commissions, instead the cost to trade is built into the forex bid and ask prices.
Bid and Ask
The bid and ask prices can be confusing, but we’ll make as much sense of the two prices as we can. The bid price is the price you would get when selling the pair. The ask price, is the price the market is asking for the pair. For instance, the pair GBP/USD may offer a bid price of 1.6101 and an ask price of 1.6104. If you bought the pair at 1.6104, you would immediately be able to sell the pair, at a loss, for 1.6101. Your net profit/loss would be negative 3 pips.
Why the Difference?
The difference between the bid and ask price is the illusive spread mentioned above. This spread is for the broker, for completing our trades. By selling to traders at one price, and buying from traders at another price, the broker is able to make money by completing our trades. A spread of 3 pips would create a profit of $30 for the broker, for each lot traded. This may seem to be horribly expensive, $30 a trade vs $6-7 for stocks, however the spread in forex is actually less than in the stock market.
Stock spreads vs. Forex Spreads
Spreads occur naturally in the stock market as well as in the foreign exchange market. The difference is that the forex market is not a centralized market like the stock markets. When you go to buy stock, there is a spread in the bid/ask price which is profit for the marketmaker, or the person who sits on an exchange and completes orders. In forex, the spread goes to the broker, who is a market maker in that they pair two orders to complete a trade.
All in all, spreads on the stock market are much, much higher than on the foreign exchange. The spread on the foreign exchange market adds up to roughly .03% of a trade. In the stock market, the spread is often 20 times greater, or about .6% of the cost of the trade PLUS the commission to complete the trade. All in all, the costs of trading the foreign exchange market are much cheaper than the stock market.
How Money is Made With Forex
How Money is Made With Forex
So, you know how the forex market works, now its time to find out how investors make money with forex. The premise of the foreign exchange market is simple, to exchange one currency for another currency which you believe will go up in value. The basics are much like the stock market, so anyone with any financial experience should pick up the foreign exchange market rather quickly.
Making Money With Forex
You make money in the foreign exchange market when one currency rises in value against another. For this portion of the tutorial, we’ll use the pair GBP/USD as our example.
We’ll start with 1 lot, or 100,000 units of GBP/USD. We think the Pound will strengthen against the US Dollar, so we buy one lot at 50:1 leverage and a price of 1.60. This means that we are buying $160,000 of the Pound, and staking $3200 and “borrowing” the other $156,200 through leverage. In the backend, our forex broker is moving $160,000 from a US bank account to a Pound denominated account. We’ve essentially sold, or traded, $160,000 for 100,000 pounds.
Cashing In
Four hours have passed and the GBP has strengthened against the USD by 50 pips. The forex broker’s quote is now 1.6050 and our 100,000 pounds are now worth $160,500, giving us a total profit of $500 on a $3200 investment. That’s not a bad return at all, it’s a gain of nearly 15% in just a few hours. Granted, we have used 50:1 leverage, but even then, results like these are more than typical!
Is Making Money in Forex Really That Easy?
Actually, it is. Making money on the foreign exchange market is as easy as knowing in which direction a currency pair is likely to travel. See, the difficulty is not in making money itself, but in knowing how to make money. In the following chapters we’ll reveal how to know in which direction a currency pair will go, but we still have a lot more to learn about the foreign exchange market itself.
So, you know how the forex market works, now its time to find out how investors make money with forex. The premise of the foreign exchange market is simple, to exchange one currency for another currency which you believe will go up in value. The basics are much like the stock market, so anyone with any financial experience should pick up the foreign exchange market rather quickly.
Making Money With Forex
You make money in the foreign exchange market when one currency rises in value against another. For this portion of the tutorial, we’ll use the pair GBP/USD as our example.
We’ll start with 1 lot, or 100,000 units of GBP/USD. We think the Pound will strengthen against the US Dollar, so we buy one lot at 50:1 leverage and a price of 1.60. This means that we are buying $160,000 of the Pound, and staking $3200 and “borrowing” the other $156,200 through leverage. In the backend, our forex broker is moving $160,000 from a US bank account to a Pound denominated account. We’ve essentially sold, or traded, $160,000 for 100,000 pounds.
Cashing In
Four hours have passed and the GBP has strengthened against the USD by 50 pips. The forex broker’s quote is now 1.6050 and our 100,000 pounds are now worth $160,500, giving us a total profit of $500 on a $3200 investment. That’s not a bad return at all, it’s a gain of nearly 15% in just a few hours. Granted, we have used 50:1 leverage, but even then, results like these are more than typical!
Is Making Money in Forex Really That Easy?
Actually, it is. Making money on the foreign exchange market is as easy as knowing in which direction a currency pair is likely to travel. See, the difficulty is not in making money itself, but in knowing how to make money. In the following chapters we’ll reveal how to know in which direction a currency pair will go, but we still have a lot more to learn about the foreign exchange market itself.
Forex Market Trading Times
Forex Market Trading Times
The foreign exchange market is the only market in the world that is open 24/7. Investors are able to place trades every single day of the week, however, most pairs will move very little on the weekends as very few investors stick around to trade.
When Various Markets Open
When one market closes, another one opens, allowing traders to trade the market 24/7. Below is a list of the various open and closing times for the Tokyo, London, and New York forex markets.
forex market open times, london, new york, tokyo
The Best Times to Trade Forex
The best times to trade the foreign exchange market is when the most traders are trading. As such, investors should look to trade when more than one major market is open. As you can see in the chart above, the Tokyo and London markets overlap for 1 hour each day, and the London and New York markets overlap for 4 hours each day. This is when the most currency is traded, as more than one location is actively buying and selling different currency pairs.
Different Times, Different Currencies
Though anyone can trade any currency regardless of their country of origin, some currencies are more often traded during certain periods of the day. During the London trading session, the US Dollar (USD), the Great British Pound (GBP), and the Euro (EUR) are the most actively traded currencies. During the Tokyo session, the Japanese Yen (JPY) grows in volume. If your broker offers sliding spreads, those that change depending on volume, your best bet is to place trades during these market times in order to pay the lowest price in spreads and maintain the highest amount of market movements.
The foreign exchange market is the only market in the world that is open 24/7. Investors are able to place trades every single day of the week, however, most pairs will move very little on the weekends as very few investors stick around to trade.
When Various Markets Open
When one market closes, another one opens, allowing traders to trade the market 24/7. Below is a list of the various open and closing times for the Tokyo, London, and New York forex markets.
forex market open times, london, new york, tokyo
The Best Times to Trade Forex
The best times to trade the foreign exchange market is when the most traders are trading. As such, investors should look to trade when more than one major market is open. As you can see in the chart above, the Tokyo and London markets overlap for 1 hour each day, and the London and New York markets overlap for 4 hours each day. This is when the most currency is traded, as more than one location is actively buying and selling different currency pairs.
Different Times, Different Currencies
Though anyone can trade any currency regardless of their country of origin, some currencies are more often traded during certain periods of the day. During the London trading session, the US Dollar (USD), the Great British Pound (GBP), and the Euro (EUR) are the most actively traded currencies. During the Tokyo session, the Japanese Yen (JPY) grows in volume. If your broker offers sliding spreads, those that change depending on volume, your best bet is to place trades during these market times in order to pay the lowest price in spreads and maintain the highest amount of market movements.
Forex Training
Forex Training
There are plenty of forex training websites today but very few are free and even less are worth reading. We hope that through our free email newsletter and forex training tools on our website that you’ll be able to learn the forex market and make money. Forex is something that can’t be learned in one day and it takes studying to become profitable. Don’t pay thousands of dollars to learn the foreign exchange market, our forex training program is free to all.
Forex Brokers
We keep a neutral stance with all forex brokers, and do not do independent reviews. However, we can make a recommendation. EarnForex allows traders to make their own judgments about brokerage firms. Check them out at: Forex Broker – Sortable list of the on-line Forex brokers, divided into 11 categories. Detailed broker descriptions, reviews and rating by the traders.
Forex Trading
Forex trading is both gratifying and profitable, encompassing elements of both the stock market and other tradeable securities. Investors interested in trading forex should be ready for a steep learning curve however, but the results from the proper training can be incredible. Learning to trade forex is not a one step process, rather it is a long term investment in both your financial future and your own forex education.
There are plenty of forex training websites today but very few are free and even less are worth reading. We hope that through our free email newsletter and forex training tools on our website that you’ll be able to learn the forex market and make money. Forex is something that can’t be learned in one day and it takes studying to become profitable. Don’t pay thousands of dollars to learn the foreign exchange market, our forex training program is free to all.
Forex Brokers
We keep a neutral stance with all forex brokers, and do not do independent reviews. However, we can make a recommendation. EarnForex allows traders to make their own judgments about brokerage firms. Check them out at: Forex Broker – Sortable list of the on-line Forex brokers, divided into 11 categories. Detailed broker descriptions, reviews and rating by the traders.
Forex Trading
Forex trading is both gratifying and profitable, encompassing elements of both the stock market and other tradeable securities. Investors interested in trading forex should be ready for a steep learning curve however, but the results from the proper training can be incredible. Learning to trade forex is not a one step process, rather it is a long term investment in both your financial future and your own forex education.
Saturday, September 4, 2010
How To Trade & Open A Forex Account
Opening A Forex Brokerage Account
Trading forex is similar to the equity market because individuals interested in trading need to open up a trading account. Like the equity market, each forex account and the services it provides differ, so it is important that you find the right one. Below we will talk about some of the factors that should be considered when selecting a forex account.
Leverage
Leverage is basically the ability to control large amounts of capital, using very little of your own capital; the higher the leverage, the higher the level of risk. The amount of leverage on an account differs depending on the account itself, but most use a factor of at least 50:1, with some being as high as 250:1. A leverage factor of 50:1 means that for every dollar you have in your account you control up to $50. For example, if a trader has $1,000 in his or her account, the broker will lend that person $50,000 to trade in the market. This leverage also makes your margin, or the amount you have to have in the account to trade a certain amount, very low. In equities, margin is usually at least 50%, while the leverage of 50:1 is equivalent to 2%.
Leverage is seen as a major benefit of forex trading, as it allows you to make large gains with a small investment. However, leverage can also be an extreme negative if a trade moves against you because your losses also are amplified by the leverage. With this kind of leverage, there is the real possibility that you can lose more than you invested - although most firms have protective stops preventing an account from going negative. For this reason, it is vital that you remember this when opening an account and that when you determine your desired leverage you understand the risks involved.
Commissions and Fees
Another major benefit of forex accounts is that trading within them is done on a commission-free basis. This is unlike equity accounts, in which you pay the broker a fee for each trade. The reason for this is that you are dealing directly with market makers and do not have to go through other parties like brokers.
This may sound too good to be true, but rest assured that market makers are still making money each time you trade. Remember the bid and ask from the previous section? Each time a trade is made, it is the market makers that capture the spread between these two. Therefore, if the bid/ask for a foreign currency is 1.5200/50, the market maker captures the difference (50 basis points).
If you are planning on opening a forex account, it is important to know that each firm has different spreads on foreign currency pairs traded through them. While they will often differ by only a few pips (0.0001), this can be meaningful if you trade a lot over time. So when opening an account make sure to find out the pip spread that it has on foreign currency pairs you are looking to trade.
Other Factors
There are a lot of differences between each forex firm and the accounts they offer, so it is important to review each before making a commitment. Each company will offer different levels of services and programs along with fees above and beyond actual trading costs. Also, due to the less regulated nature of the forex market, it is important to go with a reputable company. (For more information on what to look for when opening an account, read Wading Into The Currency Market. If you are not ready to open a "real money" account but want to try your hand at forex trading, read Demo Before You Dive In.)
How to Trade Forex
Now that you know some important factors to be aware of when opening a forex account, we will take a look at what exactly you can trade within that account. The two main ways to trade in the foreign currency market is the simple buying and selling of currency pairs, where you go long one currency and short another. The second way is through the purchasing of derivatives that track the movements of a specific currency pair. Both of these techniques are highly similar to techniques in the equities market.The most common way is to simply buy and sell currency pairs, much in the same way most individuals buy and sell stocks. In this case, you are hoping the value of the pair itself changes in a favorable manner. If you go long a currency pair, you are hoping that the value of the pair increases. For example, let's say that you took a long position in the USD/CAD pair - you will make money if the value of this pair goes up, and lose money if it falls. This pair rises when the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Canadian dollar, so it is a bet on the U.S. dollar.
The other option is to use derivative products, such as options and futures, to profit from changes in the value of currencies. If you buy an option on a currency pair, you are gaining the right to purchase a currency pair at a set rate before a set point in time. A futures contract, on the other hand, creates the obligation to buy the currency at a set point in time. Both of these trading techniques are usually only used by more advanced traders, but it is important to at least be familiar with them. (For more on this, try Getting Started in Forex Options and our tutorials, Option Spread Strategies and Options Basics Tutorial.)
Types of Orders
A trader looking to open a new position will likely use either a market order or a limit order. The incorporation of these order types remains the same as when they are used in the equity markets. A market order gives a forex trader the ability to obtain the currency at whatever exchange rate it is currently trading at in the market, while a limit order allows the trader to specify a certain entry price. (For a brief refresher of these orders, see The Basics of Order Entry.)
Forex traders who already hold an open position may want to consider using a take-profit order to lock in a profit. Say, for example, that a trader is confident that the GBP/USD rate will reach 1.7800, but is not as sure that the rate could climb any higher. A trader could use a take-profit order, which would automatically close his or her position when the rate reaches 1.7800, locking in their profits.
Another tool that can be used when traders hold open positions is the stop-loss order. This order allows traders to determine how much the rate can decline before the position is closed and further losses are accumulated. Therefore, if the GBP/USD rate begins to drop, an investor can place a stop-loss that will close the position (for example at 1.7787), in order to prevent any further losses.
As you can see, the type of orders that you can enter in your forex trading account are similar to those found in equity accounts. Having a good understanding of these orders is critical before placing your first trade.
Trading forex is similar to the equity market because individuals interested in trading need to open up a trading account. Like the equity market, each forex account and the services it provides differ, so it is important that you find the right one. Below we will talk about some of the factors that should be considered when selecting a forex account.
Leverage
Leverage is basically the ability to control large amounts of capital, using very little of your own capital; the higher the leverage, the higher the level of risk. The amount of leverage on an account differs depending on the account itself, but most use a factor of at least 50:1, with some being as high as 250:1. A leverage factor of 50:1 means that for every dollar you have in your account you control up to $50. For example, if a trader has $1,000 in his or her account, the broker will lend that person $50,000 to trade in the market. This leverage also makes your margin, or the amount you have to have in the account to trade a certain amount, very low. In equities, margin is usually at least 50%, while the leverage of 50:1 is equivalent to 2%.
Leverage is seen as a major benefit of forex trading, as it allows you to make large gains with a small investment. However, leverage can also be an extreme negative if a trade moves against you because your losses also are amplified by the leverage. With this kind of leverage, there is the real possibility that you can lose more than you invested - although most firms have protective stops preventing an account from going negative. For this reason, it is vital that you remember this when opening an account and that when you determine your desired leverage you understand the risks involved.
Commissions and Fees
Another major benefit of forex accounts is that trading within them is done on a commission-free basis. This is unlike equity accounts, in which you pay the broker a fee for each trade. The reason for this is that you are dealing directly with market makers and do not have to go through other parties like brokers.
This may sound too good to be true, but rest assured that market makers are still making money each time you trade. Remember the bid and ask from the previous section? Each time a trade is made, it is the market makers that capture the spread between these two. Therefore, if the bid/ask for a foreign currency is 1.5200/50, the market maker captures the difference (50 basis points).
If you are planning on opening a forex account, it is important to know that each firm has different spreads on foreign currency pairs traded through them. While they will often differ by only a few pips (0.0001), this can be meaningful if you trade a lot over time. So when opening an account make sure to find out the pip spread that it has on foreign currency pairs you are looking to trade.
Other Factors
There are a lot of differences between each forex firm and the accounts they offer, so it is important to review each before making a commitment. Each company will offer different levels of services and programs along with fees above and beyond actual trading costs. Also, due to the less regulated nature of the forex market, it is important to go with a reputable company. (For more information on what to look for when opening an account, read Wading Into The Currency Market. If you are not ready to open a "real money" account but want to try your hand at forex trading, read Demo Before You Dive In.)
How to Trade Forex
Now that you know some important factors to be aware of when opening a forex account, we will take a look at what exactly you can trade within that account. The two main ways to trade in the foreign currency market is the simple buying and selling of currency pairs, where you go long one currency and short another. The second way is through the purchasing of derivatives that track the movements of a specific currency pair. Both of these techniques are highly similar to techniques in the equities market.The most common way is to simply buy and sell currency pairs, much in the same way most individuals buy and sell stocks. In this case, you are hoping the value of the pair itself changes in a favorable manner. If you go long a currency pair, you are hoping that the value of the pair increases. For example, let's say that you took a long position in the USD/CAD pair - you will make money if the value of this pair goes up, and lose money if it falls. This pair rises when the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Canadian dollar, so it is a bet on the U.S. dollar.
The other option is to use derivative products, such as options and futures, to profit from changes in the value of currencies. If you buy an option on a currency pair, you are gaining the right to purchase a currency pair at a set rate before a set point in time. A futures contract, on the other hand, creates the obligation to buy the currency at a set point in time. Both of these trading techniques are usually only used by more advanced traders, but it is important to at least be familiar with them. (For more on this, try Getting Started in Forex Options and our tutorials, Option Spread Strategies and Options Basics Tutorial.)
Types of Orders
A trader looking to open a new position will likely use either a market order or a limit order. The incorporation of these order types remains the same as when they are used in the equity markets. A market order gives a forex trader the ability to obtain the currency at whatever exchange rate it is currently trading at in the market, while a limit order allows the trader to specify a certain entry price. (For a brief refresher of these orders, see The Basics of Order Entry.)
Forex traders who already hold an open position may want to consider using a take-profit order to lock in a profit. Say, for example, that a trader is confident that the GBP/USD rate will reach 1.7800, but is not as sure that the rate could climb any higher. A trader could use a take-profit order, which would automatically close his or her position when the rate reaches 1.7800, locking in their profits.
Another tool that can be used when traders hold open positions is the stop-loss order. This order allows traders to determine how much the rate can decline before the position is closed and further losses are accumulated. Therefore, if the GBP/USD rate begins to drop, an investor can place a stop-loss that will close the position (for example at 1.7787), in order to prevent any further losses.
As you can see, the type of orders that you can enter in your forex trading account are similar to those found in equity accounts. Having a good understanding of these orders is critical before placing your first trade.
Forex History and Market Participants-2
Market Participants
Unlike the equity market - where investors often only trade with institutional investors (such as mutual funds) or other individual investors - there are additional participants that trade on the forex market for entirely different reasons than those on the equity market. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the functions and motivations of the main players of the forex market.
Governments and Central Banks
Arguably, some of the most influential participants involved with currency exchange are the central banks and federal governments. In most countries, the central bank is an extension of the government and conducts its policy in tandem with the government. However, some governments feel that a more independent central bank would be more effective in balancing the goals of curbing inflation and keeping interest rates low, which tends to increase economic growth. Regardless of the degree of independence that a central bank possesses, government representatives typically have regular consultations with central bank representatives to discuss monetary policy. Thus, central banks and governments are usually on the same page when it comes to monetary policy.
Central banks are often involved in manipulating reserve volumes in order to meet certain economic goals. For example, ever since pegging its currency (the yuan) to the U.S. dollar, China has been buying up millions of dollars worth of U.S. treasury bills in order to keep the yuan at its target exchange rate. Central banks use the foreign exchange market to adjust their reserve volumes. With extremely deep pockets, they yield significant influence on the currency markets.
Banks and Other Financial Institutions
In addition to central banks and governments, some of the largest participants involved with forex transactions are banks. Most individuals who need foreign currency for small-scale transactions deal with neighborhood banks. However, individual transactions pale in comparison to the volumes that are traded in the interbank market.
The interbank market is the market through which large banks transact with each other and determine the currency price that individual traders see on their trading platforms. These banks transact with each other on electronic brokering systems that are based upon credit. Only banks that have credit relationships with each other can engage in transactions. The larger the bank, the more credit relationships it has and the better the pricing it can access for its customers. The smaller the bank, the less credit relationships it has and the lower the priority it has on the pricing scale.
Banks, in general, act as dealers in the sense that they are willing to buy/sell a currency at the bid/ask price. One way that banks make money on the forex market is by exchanging currency at a premium to the price they paid to obtain it. Since the forex market is a decentralized market, it is common to see different banks with slightly different exchange rates for the same currency.
Hedgers
Some of the biggest clients of these banks are businesses that deal with international transactions. Whether a business is selling to an international client or buying from an international supplier, it will need to deal with the volatility of fluctuating currencies.
If there is one thing that management (and shareholders) detest, it is uncertainty. Having to deal with foreign-exchange risk is a big problem for many multinationals. For example, suppose that a German company orders some equipment from a Japanese manufacturer to be paid in yen one year from now. Since the exchange rate can fluctuate wildly over an entire year, the German company has no way of knowing whether it will end up paying more euros at the time of delivery.
One choice that a business can make to reduce the uncertainty of foreign-exchange risk is to go into the spot market and make an immediate transaction for the foreign currency that they need.
Unfortunately, businesses may not have enough cash on hand to make spot transactions or may not want to hold massive amounts of foreign currency for long periods of time. Therefore, businesses quite frequently employ hedging strategies in order to lock in a specific exchange rate for the future or to remove all sources of exchange-rate risk for that transaction.
For example, if a European company wants to import steel from the U.S., it would have to pay in U.S. dollars. If the price of the euro falls against the dollar before payment is made, the European company will realize a financial loss. As such, it could enter into a contract that locked in the current exchange rate to eliminate the risk of dealing in U.S. dollars. These contracts could be either forwards or futures contracts.
Speculators
Another class of market participants involved with foreign exchange-related transactions is speculators. Rather than hedging against movement in exchange rates or exchanging currency to fund international transactions, speculators attempt to make money by taking advantage of fluctuating exchange-rate levels.
The most famous of all currency speculators is probably George Soros. The billionaire hedge fund manager is most famous for speculating on the decline of the British pound, a move that earned $1.1 billion in less than a month. On the other hand, Nick Leeson, a derivatives trader with England’s Barings Bank, took speculative positions on futures contracts in yen that resulted in losses amounting to more than $1.4 billion, which led to the collapse of the company.
Some of the largest and most controversial speculators on the forex market are hedge funds, which are essentially unregulated funds that employ unconventional investment strategies in order to reap large returns. Think of them as mutual funds on steroids. Hedge funds are the favorite whipping boys of many a central banker. Given that they can place such massive bets, they can have a major effect on a country’s currency and economy. Some critics blamed hedge funds for the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, but others have pointed out that the real problem was the ineptness of Asian central bankers. (For more on hedge funds, see Introduction To Hedge Funds - Part One and Part Two.)Either way, speculators can have a big sway on the currency markets, particularly big ones.
Now that you have a basic understanding of the forex market, its participants and its history, we can move on to some of the more advanced concepts that will bring you closer to being able to trade within this massive market. The next section will look at the main economic theories that underlie the forex market.
Unlike the equity market - where investors often only trade with institutional investors (such as mutual funds) or other individual investors - there are additional participants that trade on the forex market for entirely different reasons than those on the equity market. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the functions and motivations of the main players of the forex market.
Governments and Central Banks
Arguably, some of the most influential participants involved with currency exchange are the central banks and federal governments. In most countries, the central bank is an extension of the government and conducts its policy in tandem with the government. However, some governments feel that a more independent central bank would be more effective in balancing the goals of curbing inflation and keeping interest rates low, which tends to increase economic growth. Regardless of the degree of independence that a central bank possesses, government representatives typically have regular consultations with central bank representatives to discuss monetary policy. Thus, central banks and governments are usually on the same page when it comes to monetary policy.
Central banks are often involved in manipulating reserve volumes in order to meet certain economic goals. For example, ever since pegging its currency (the yuan) to the U.S. dollar, China has been buying up millions of dollars worth of U.S. treasury bills in order to keep the yuan at its target exchange rate. Central banks use the foreign exchange market to adjust their reserve volumes. With extremely deep pockets, they yield significant influence on the currency markets.
Banks and Other Financial Institutions
In addition to central banks and governments, some of the largest participants involved with forex transactions are banks. Most individuals who need foreign currency for small-scale transactions deal with neighborhood banks. However, individual transactions pale in comparison to the volumes that are traded in the interbank market.
The interbank market is the market through which large banks transact with each other and determine the currency price that individual traders see on their trading platforms. These banks transact with each other on electronic brokering systems that are based upon credit. Only banks that have credit relationships with each other can engage in transactions. The larger the bank, the more credit relationships it has and the better the pricing it can access for its customers. The smaller the bank, the less credit relationships it has and the lower the priority it has on the pricing scale.
Banks, in general, act as dealers in the sense that they are willing to buy/sell a currency at the bid/ask price. One way that banks make money on the forex market is by exchanging currency at a premium to the price they paid to obtain it. Since the forex market is a decentralized market, it is common to see different banks with slightly different exchange rates for the same currency.
Hedgers
Some of the biggest clients of these banks are businesses that deal with international transactions. Whether a business is selling to an international client or buying from an international supplier, it will need to deal with the volatility of fluctuating currencies.
If there is one thing that management (and shareholders) detest, it is uncertainty. Having to deal with foreign-exchange risk is a big problem for many multinationals. For example, suppose that a German company orders some equipment from a Japanese manufacturer to be paid in yen one year from now. Since the exchange rate can fluctuate wildly over an entire year, the German company has no way of knowing whether it will end up paying more euros at the time of delivery.
One choice that a business can make to reduce the uncertainty of foreign-exchange risk is to go into the spot market and make an immediate transaction for the foreign currency that they need.
Unfortunately, businesses may not have enough cash on hand to make spot transactions or may not want to hold massive amounts of foreign currency for long periods of time. Therefore, businesses quite frequently employ hedging strategies in order to lock in a specific exchange rate for the future or to remove all sources of exchange-rate risk for that transaction.
For example, if a European company wants to import steel from the U.S., it would have to pay in U.S. dollars. If the price of the euro falls against the dollar before payment is made, the European company will realize a financial loss. As such, it could enter into a contract that locked in the current exchange rate to eliminate the risk of dealing in U.S. dollars. These contracts could be either forwards or futures contracts.
Speculators
Another class of market participants involved with foreign exchange-related transactions is speculators. Rather than hedging against movement in exchange rates or exchanging currency to fund international transactions, speculators attempt to make money by taking advantage of fluctuating exchange-rate levels.
The most famous of all currency speculators is probably George Soros. The billionaire hedge fund manager is most famous for speculating on the decline of the British pound, a move that earned $1.1 billion in less than a month. On the other hand, Nick Leeson, a derivatives trader with England’s Barings Bank, took speculative positions on futures contracts in yen that resulted in losses amounting to more than $1.4 billion, which led to the collapse of the company.
Some of the largest and most controversial speculators on the forex market are hedge funds, which are essentially unregulated funds that employ unconventional investment strategies in order to reap large returns. Think of them as mutual funds on steroids. Hedge funds are the favorite whipping boys of many a central banker. Given that they can place such massive bets, they can have a major effect on a country’s currency and economy. Some critics blamed hedge funds for the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, but others have pointed out that the real problem was the ineptness of Asian central bankers. (For more on hedge funds, see Introduction To Hedge Funds - Part One and Part Two.)Either way, speculators can have a big sway on the currency markets, particularly big ones.
Now that you have a basic understanding of the forex market, its participants and its history, we can move on to some of the more advanced concepts that will bring you closer to being able to trade within this massive market. The next section will look at the main economic theories that underlie the forex market.
Forex History and Market Participants
Given the global nature of the forex exchange market, it is important to first examine and learn some of the important historical events relating to currencies and currency exchange before entering any trades. In this section we’ll review the international monetary system and how it has evolved to its current state. We will then take a look at the major players that occupy the forex market - something that is important for all potential forex traders to understand.
The History of the Forex
Gold Standard System
The creation of the gold standard monetary system in 1875 marks one of the most important events in the history of the forex market. Before the gold standard was implemented, countries would commonly use gold and silver as means of international payment. The main issue with using gold and silver for payment is that their value is affected by external supply and demand. For example, the discovery of a new gold mine would drive gold prices down.
The underlying idea behind the gold standard was that governments guaranteed the conversion of currency into a specific amount of gold, and vice versa. In other words, a currency would be backed by gold. Obviously, governments needed a fairly substantial gold reserve in order to meet the demand for currency exchanges. During the late nineteenth century, all of the major economic countries had defined an amount of currency to an ounce of gold. Over time, the difference in price of an ounce of gold between two currencies became the exchange rate for those two currencies. This represented the first standardized means of currency exchange in history.
The gold standard eventually broke down during the beginning of World War I. Due to the political tension with Germany, the major European powers felt a need to complete large military projects. The financial burden of these projects was so substantial that there was not enough gold at the time to exchange for all the excess currency that the governments were printing off.
Although the gold standard would make a small comeback during the inter-war years, most countries had dropped it again by the onset of World War II. However, gold never ceased being the ultimate form of monetary value. (For more on this, read The Gold Standard Revisited, What Is Wrong With Gold? and Using Technical Analysis In The Gold Markets.)
Bretton Woods System
Before the end of World War II, the Allied nations believed that there would be a need to set up a monetary system in order to fill the void that was left behind when the gold standard system was abandoned. In July 1944, more than 700 representatives from the Allies convened at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to deliberate over what would be called the Bretton Woods system of international monetary management.
To simplify, Bretton Woods led to the formation of the following:
1. A method of fixed exchange rates;
2. The U.S. dollar replacing the gold standard to become a primary reserve currency; and
3. The creation of three international agencies to oversee economic activity: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
One of the main features of Bretton Woods is that the U.S. dollar replaced gold as the main standard of convertibility for the world’s currencies; and furthermore, the U.S. dollar became the only currency that would be backed by gold. (This turned out to be the primary reason that Bretton Woods eventually failed.)
Over the next 25 or so years, the U.S. had to run a series of balance of payment deficits in order to be the world’s reserved currency. By the early 1970s, U.S. gold reserves were so depleted that the U.S. treasury did not have enough gold to cover all the U.S. dollars that foreign central banks had in reserve.
Finally, on August 15, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon closed the gold window, and the U.S. announced to the world that it would no longer exchange gold for the U.S. dollars that were held in foreign reserves. This event marked the end of Bretton Woods.
Even though Bretton Woods didn’t last, it left an important legacy that still has a significant effect on today’s international economic climate. This legacy exists in the form of the three international agencies created in the 1940s: the IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now part of the World Bank) and GATT, the precursor to the World Trade Organization. (To learn more about Bretton Wood, read What Is The International Monetary Fund? and Floating And Fixed Exchange Rates.)
Current Exchange Rates
After the Bretton Woods system broke down, the world finally accepted the use of floating foreign exchange rates during the Jamaica agreement of 1976. This meant that the use of the gold standard would be permanently abolished. However, this is not to say that governments adopted a pure free-floating exchange rate system. Most governments employ one of the following three exchange rate systems that are still used today:
The History of the Forex
Gold Standard System
The creation of the gold standard monetary system in 1875 marks one of the most important events in the history of the forex market. Before the gold standard was implemented, countries would commonly use gold and silver as means of international payment. The main issue with using gold and silver for payment is that their value is affected by external supply and demand. For example, the discovery of a new gold mine would drive gold prices down.
The underlying idea behind the gold standard was that governments guaranteed the conversion of currency into a specific amount of gold, and vice versa. In other words, a currency would be backed by gold. Obviously, governments needed a fairly substantial gold reserve in order to meet the demand for currency exchanges. During the late nineteenth century, all of the major economic countries had defined an amount of currency to an ounce of gold. Over time, the difference in price of an ounce of gold between two currencies became the exchange rate for those two currencies. This represented the first standardized means of currency exchange in history.
The gold standard eventually broke down during the beginning of World War I. Due to the political tension with Germany, the major European powers felt a need to complete large military projects. The financial burden of these projects was so substantial that there was not enough gold at the time to exchange for all the excess currency that the governments were printing off.
Although the gold standard would make a small comeback during the inter-war years, most countries had dropped it again by the onset of World War II. However, gold never ceased being the ultimate form of monetary value. (For more on this, read The Gold Standard Revisited, What Is Wrong With Gold? and Using Technical Analysis In The Gold Markets.)
Bretton Woods System
Before the end of World War II, the Allied nations believed that there would be a need to set up a monetary system in order to fill the void that was left behind when the gold standard system was abandoned. In July 1944, more than 700 representatives from the Allies convened at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to deliberate over what would be called the Bretton Woods system of international monetary management.
To simplify, Bretton Woods led to the formation of the following:
1. A method of fixed exchange rates;
2. The U.S. dollar replacing the gold standard to become a primary reserve currency; and
3. The creation of three international agencies to oversee economic activity: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
One of the main features of Bretton Woods is that the U.S. dollar replaced gold as the main standard of convertibility for the world’s currencies; and furthermore, the U.S. dollar became the only currency that would be backed by gold. (This turned out to be the primary reason that Bretton Woods eventually failed.)
Over the next 25 or so years, the U.S. had to run a series of balance of payment deficits in order to be the world’s reserved currency. By the early 1970s, U.S. gold reserves were so depleted that the U.S. treasury did not have enough gold to cover all the U.S. dollars that foreign central banks had in reserve.
Finally, on August 15, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon closed the gold window, and the U.S. announced to the world that it would no longer exchange gold for the U.S. dollars that were held in foreign reserves. This event marked the end of Bretton Woods.
Even though Bretton Woods didn’t last, it left an important legacy that still has a significant effect on today’s international economic climate. This legacy exists in the form of the three international agencies created in the 1940s: the IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now part of the World Bank) and GATT, the precursor to the World Trade Organization. (To learn more about Bretton Wood, read What Is The International Monetary Fund? and Floating And Fixed Exchange Rates.)
Current Exchange Rates
After the Bretton Woods system broke down, the world finally accepted the use of floating foreign exchange rates during the Jamaica agreement of 1976. This meant that the use of the gold standard would be permanently abolished. However, this is not to say that governments adopted a pure free-floating exchange rate system. Most governments employ one of the following three exchange rate systems that are still used today:
How To Trade & Open A Forex Account-2
How to Trade Forex
Now that you know some important factors to be aware of when opening a forex account, we will take a look at what exactly you can trade within that account. The two main ways to trade in the foreign currency market is the simple buying and selling of currency pairs, where you go long one currency and short another. The second way is through the purchasing of derivatives that track the movements of a specific currency pair. Both of these techniques are highly similar to techniques in the equities market.The most common way is to simply buy and sell currency pairs, much in the same way most individuals buy and sell stocks. In this case, you are hoping the value of the pair itself changes in a favorable manner. If you go long a currency pair, you are hoping that the value of the pair increases. For example, let's say that you took a long position in the USD/CAD pair - you will make money if the value of this pair goes up, and lose money if it falls. This pair rises when the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Canadian dollar, so it is a bet on the U.S. dollar.
The other option is to use derivative products, such as options and futures, to profit from changes in the value of currencies. If you buy an option on a currency pair, you are gaining the right to purchase a currency pair at a set rate before a set point in time. A futures contract, on the other hand, creates the obligation to buy the currency at a set point in time. Both of these trading techniques are usually only used by more advanced traders, but it is important to at least be familiar with them.
Types of Orders
A trader looking to open a new position will likely use either a market order or a limit order. The incorporation of these order types remains the same as when they are used in the equity markets. A market order gives a forex trader the ability to obtain the currency at whatever exchange rate it is currently trading at in the market, while a limit order allows the trader to specify a certain entry price. (For a brief refresher of these orders,
Forex traders who already hold an open position may want to consider using a take-profit order to lock in a profit. Say, for example, that a trader is confident that the GBP/USD rate will reach 1.7800, but is not as sure that the rate could climb any higher. A trader could use a take-profit order, which would automatically close his or her position when the rate reaches 1.7800, locking in their profits.
Another tool that can be used when traders hold open positions is the stop-loss order. This order allows traders to determine how much the rate can decline before the position is closed and further losses are accumulated. Therefore, if the GBP/USD rate begins to drop, an investor can place a stop-loss that will close the position (for example at 1.7787), in order to prevent any further losses.
As you can see, the type of orders that you can enter in your forex trading account are similar to those found in equity accounts. Having a good understanding of these orders is critical before placing your first trade.
Now that you know some important factors to be aware of when opening a forex account, we will take a look at what exactly you can trade within that account. The two main ways to trade in the foreign currency market is the simple buying and selling of currency pairs, where you go long one currency and short another. The second way is through the purchasing of derivatives that track the movements of a specific currency pair. Both of these techniques are highly similar to techniques in the equities market.The most common way is to simply buy and sell currency pairs, much in the same way most individuals buy and sell stocks. In this case, you are hoping the value of the pair itself changes in a favorable manner. If you go long a currency pair, you are hoping that the value of the pair increases. For example, let's say that you took a long position in the USD/CAD pair - you will make money if the value of this pair goes up, and lose money if it falls. This pair rises when the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Canadian dollar, so it is a bet on the U.S. dollar.
The other option is to use derivative products, such as options and futures, to profit from changes in the value of currencies. If you buy an option on a currency pair, you are gaining the right to purchase a currency pair at a set rate before a set point in time. A futures contract, on the other hand, creates the obligation to buy the currency at a set point in time. Both of these trading techniques are usually only used by more advanced traders, but it is important to at least be familiar with them.
Types of Orders
A trader looking to open a new position will likely use either a market order or a limit order. The incorporation of these order types remains the same as when they are used in the equity markets. A market order gives a forex trader the ability to obtain the currency at whatever exchange rate it is currently trading at in the market, while a limit order allows the trader to specify a certain entry price. (For a brief refresher of these orders,
Forex traders who already hold an open position may want to consider using a take-profit order to lock in a profit. Say, for example, that a trader is confident that the GBP/USD rate will reach 1.7800, but is not as sure that the rate could climb any higher. A trader could use a take-profit order, which would automatically close his or her position when the rate reaches 1.7800, locking in their profits.
Another tool that can be used when traders hold open positions is the stop-loss order. This order allows traders to determine how much the rate can decline before the position is closed and further losses are accumulated. Therefore, if the GBP/USD rate begins to drop, an investor can place a stop-loss that will close the position (for example at 1.7787), in order to prevent any further losses.
As you can see, the type of orders that you can enter in your forex trading account are similar to those found in equity accounts. Having a good understanding of these orders is critical before placing your first trade.
How To Trade & Open A Forex Account
So, you think you are ready to trade? Make sure you read this section to learn how you can go about setting up a forex account so that you can start trading currencies. We'll also mention other factors that you should be aware of before you take this step. We will then discuss how to trade forex and the different types of orders that can be placed.
Opening A Forex Brokerage Account
Trading forex is similar to the equity market because individuals interested in trading need to open up a trading account. Like the equity market, each forex account and the services it provides differ, so it is important that you find the right one. Below we will talk about some of the factors that should be considered when selecting a forex account.
Leverage
Leverage is basically the ability to control large amounts of capital, using very little of your own capital; the higher the leverage, the higher the level of risk. The amount of leverage on an account differs depending on the account itself, but most use a factor of at least 50:1, with some being as high as 250:1. A leverage factor of 50:1 means that for every dollar you have in your account you control up to $50. For example, if a trader has $1,000 in his or her account, the broker will lend that person $50,000 to trade in the market. This leverage also makes your margin, or the amount you have to have in the account to trade a certain amount, very low. In equities, margin is usually at least 50%, while the leverage of 50:1 is equivalent to 2%.
Leverage is seen as a major benefit of forex trading, as it allows you to make large gains with a small investment. However, leverage can also be an extreme negative if a trade moves against you because your losses also are amplified by the leverage. With this kind of leverage, there is the real possibility that you can lose more than you invested - although most firms have protective stops preventing an account from going negative. For this reason, it is vital that you remember this when opening an account and that when you determine your desired leverage you understand the risks involved.
Commissions and Fees
Another major benefit of forex accounts is that trading within them is done on a commission-free basis. This is unlike equity accounts, in which you pay the broker a fee for each trade. The reason for this is that you are dealing directly with market makers and do not have to go through other parties like brokers.
This may sound too good to be true, but rest assured that market makers are still making money each time you trade. Remember the bid and ask from the previous section? Each time a trade is made, it is the market makers that capture the spread between these two. Therefore, if the bid/ask for a foreign currency is 1.5200/50, the market maker captures the difference (50 basis points).
If you are planning on opening a forex account, it is important to know that each firm has different spreads on foreign currency pairs traded through them. While they will often differ by only a few pips (0.0001), this can be meaningful if you trade a lot over time. So when opening an account make sure to find out the pip spread that it has on foreign currency pairs you are looking to trade.
Other Factors
There are a lot of differences between each forex firm and the accounts they offer, so it is important to review each before making a commitment. Each company will offer different levels of services and programs along with fees above and beyond actual trading costs. Also, due to the less regulated nature of the forex market, it is important to go with a reputable company. (For more information on what to look for when opening an account.
Opening A Forex Brokerage Account
Trading forex is similar to the equity market because individuals interested in trading need to open up a trading account. Like the equity market, each forex account and the services it provides differ, so it is important that you find the right one. Below we will talk about some of the factors that should be considered when selecting a forex account.
Leverage
Leverage is basically the ability to control large amounts of capital, using very little of your own capital; the higher the leverage, the higher the level of risk. The amount of leverage on an account differs depending on the account itself, but most use a factor of at least 50:1, with some being as high as 250:1. A leverage factor of 50:1 means that for every dollar you have in your account you control up to $50. For example, if a trader has $1,000 in his or her account, the broker will lend that person $50,000 to trade in the market. This leverage also makes your margin, or the amount you have to have in the account to trade a certain amount, very low. In equities, margin is usually at least 50%, while the leverage of 50:1 is equivalent to 2%.
Leverage is seen as a major benefit of forex trading, as it allows you to make large gains with a small investment. However, leverage can also be an extreme negative if a trade moves against you because your losses also are amplified by the leverage. With this kind of leverage, there is the real possibility that you can lose more than you invested - although most firms have protective stops preventing an account from going negative. For this reason, it is vital that you remember this when opening an account and that when you determine your desired leverage you understand the risks involved.
Commissions and Fees
Another major benefit of forex accounts is that trading within them is done on a commission-free basis. This is unlike equity accounts, in which you pay the broker a fee for each trade. The reason for this is that you are dealing directly with market makers and do not have to go through other parties like brokers.
This may sound too good to be true, but rest assured that market makers are still making money each time you trade. Remember the bid and ask from the previous section? Each time a trade is made, it is the market makers that capture the spread between these two. Therefore, if the bid/ask for a foreign currency is 1.5200/50, the market maker captures the difference (50 basis points).
If you are planning on opening a forex account, it is important to know that each firm has different spreads on foreign currency pairs traded through them. While they will often differ by only a few pips (0.0001), this can be meaningful if you trade a lot over time. So when opening an account make sure to find out the pip spread that it has on foreign currency pairs you are looking to trade.
Other Factors
There are a lot of differences between each forex firm and the accounts they offer, so it is important to review each before making a commitment. Each company will offer different levels of services and programs along with fees above and beyond actual trading costs. Also, due to the less regulated nature of the forex market, it is important to go with a reputable company. (For more information on what to look for when opening an account.
Foreign Exchange Risk and Benefits
The Good and the Bad
We already have mentioned that factors such as the size, volatility and global structure of the foreign exchange market have all contributed to its rapid success. Given the highly liquid nature of this market, investors are able to place extremely large trades without affecting any given exchange rate. These large positions are made available to forex traders because of the low margin requirements used by the majority of the industry's brokers. For example, it is possible for a trader to control a position of US$100,000 by putting down as little as US$1,000 up front and borrowing the remainder from his or her forex broker. This amount of leverage acts as a double-edged sword because investors can realize large gains when rates make a small favorable change, but they also run the risk of a massive loss when the rates move against them. Despite the foreign exchange risks, the amount of leverage available in the forex market is what makes it attractive for many speculators.
The currency market is also the only market that is truly open 24 hours a day with decent liquidity throughout the day. For traders who may have a day job or just a busy schedule, it is an optimal market to trade in. As you can see from the chart below, the major trading hubs are spread throughout many different time zones, eliminating the need to wait for an opening or closing bell. As the U.S. trading closes, other markets in the East are opening, making it possible to trade at any time during the day.
Time Zone Time (ET)
Tokyo Open 7:00 pm
Tokyo Close 4:00 am
London Open 3:00 am
London Close 12:00 pm
New York Open 8:00 am
New York Close 5:00 pm
While the forex market may offer more excitement to the investor, the risks are also higher in comparison to trading equities. The ultra-high leverage of the forex market means that huge gains can quickly turn to damaging losses and can wipe out the majority of your account in a matter of minutes. This is important for all new traders to understand, because in the forex market - due to the large amount of money involved and the number of players - traders will react quickly to information released into the market, leading to sharp moves in the price of the currency pair.
Though currencies don't tend to move as sharply as equities on a percentage basis (where a company's stock can lose a large portion of its value in a matter of minutes after a bad announcement), it is the leverage in the spot market that creates the volatility. For example, if you are using 100:1 leverage on $1,000 invested, you control $100,000 in capital. If you put $100,000 into a currency and the currency's price moves 1% against you, the value of the capital will have decreased to $99,000 - a loss of $1,000, or all of your invested capital, representing a 100% loss. In the equities market, most traders do not use leverage, therefore a 1% loss in the stock's value on a $1,000 investment, would only mean a loss of $10. Therefore, it is important to take into account the risks involved in the forex market before diving in.
Differences Between Forex and Equities
A major difference between the forex and equities markets is the number of traded instruments: the forex market has very few compared to the thousands found in the equities market. The majority of forex traders focus their efforts on seven different currency pairs: the four majors, which include (EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF); and the three commodity pairs (USD/CAD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD). All other pairs are just different combinations of the same currencies, otherwise known as cross currencies. This makes currency trading easier to follow because rather than having to cherry-pick between 10,000 stocks to find the best value, all that FX traders need to do is “keep up” on the economic and political news of eight countries.
The equity markets often can hit a lull, resulting in shrinking volumes and activity. As a result, it may be hard to open and close positions when desired. Furthermore, in a declining market, it is only with extreme ingenuity that an equities investor can make a profit. It is difficult to short-sell in the U.S. equities market because of strict rules and regulations regarding the process. On the other hand, forex offers the opportunity to profit in both rising and declining markets because with each trade, you are buying and selling simultaneously, and short-selling is, therefore, inherent in every transaction. In addition, since the forex market is so liquid, traders are not required to wait for an uptick before they are allowed to enter into a short position - as they are in the equities market.
Due to the extreme liquidity of the forex market, margins are low and leverage is high. It just is not possible to find such low margin rates in the equities markets; most margin traders in the equities markets need at least 50% of the value of the investment available as margin, whereas forex traders need as little as 1%. Furthermore, commissions in the equities market are much higher than in the forex market. Traditional brokers ask for commission fees on top of the spread, plus the fees that have to be paid to the exchange. Spot forex brokers take only the spread as their fee for the transaction. (For a more in-depth introduction to currency trading, see Getting Started in Forex and A Primer On The Forex Market.)
By now you should have a basic understanding of what the forex market is and how it works. In the next section, we'll examine the evolution of the current foreign exchange system.
We already have mentioned that factors such as the size, volatility and global structure of the foreign exchange market have all contributed to its rapid success. Given the highly liquid nature of this market, investors are able to place extremely large trades without affecting any given exchange rate. These large positions are made available to forex traders because of the low margin requirements used by the majority of the industry's brokers. For example, it is possible for a trader to control a position of US$100,000 by putting down as little as US$1,000 up front and borrowing the remainder from his or her forex broker. This amount of leverage acts as a double-edged sword because investors can realize large gains when rates make a small favorable change, but they also run the risk of a massive loss when the rates move against them. Despite the foreign exchange risks, the amount of leverage available in the forex market is what makes it attractive for many speculators.
The currency market is also the only market that is truly open 24 hours a day with decent liquidity throughout the day. For traders who may have a day job or just a busy schedule, it is an optimal market to trade in. As you can see from the chart below, the major trading hubs are spread throughout many different time zones, eliminating the need to wait for an opening or closing bell. As the U.S. trading closes, other markets in the East are opening, making it possible to trade at any time during the day.
Time Zone Time (ET)
Tokyo Open 7:00 pm
Tokyo Close 4:00 am
London Open 3:00 am
London Close 12:00 pm
New York Open 8:00 am
New York Close 5:00 pm
While the forex market may offer more excitement to the investor, the risks are also higher in comparison to trading equities. The ultra-high leverage of the forex market means that huge gains can quickly turn to damaging losses and can wipe out the majority of your account in a matter of minutes. This is important for all new traders to understand, because in the forex market - due to the large amount of money involved and the number of players - traders will react quickly to information released into the market, leading to sharp moves in the price of the currency pair.
Though currencies don't tend to move as sharply as equities on a percentage basis (where a company's stock can lose a large portion of its value in a matter of minutes after a bad announcement), it is the leverage in the spot market that creates the volatility. For example, if you are using 100:1 leverage on $1,000 invested, you control $100,000 in capital. If you put $100,000 into a currency and the currency's price moves 1% against you, the value of the capital will have decreased to $99,000 - a loss of $1,000, or all of your invested capital, representing a 100% loss. In the equities market, most traders do not use leverage, therefore a 1% loss in the stock's value on a $1,000 investment, would only mean a loss of $10. Therefore, it is important to take into account the risks involved in the forex market before diving in.
Differences Between Forex and Equities
A major difference between the forex and equities markets is the number of traded instruments: the forex market has very few compared to the thousands found in the equities market. The majority of forex traders focus their efforts on seven different currency pairs: the four majors, which include (EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF); and the three commodity pairs (USD/CAD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD). All other pairs are just different combinations of the same currencies, otherwise known as cross currencies. This makes currency trading easier to follow because rather than having to cherry-pick between 10,000 stocks to find the best value, all that FX traders need to do is “keep up” on the economic and political news of eight countries.
The equity markets often can hit a lull, resulting in shrinking volumes and activity. As a result, it may be hard to open and close positions when desired. Furthermore, in a declining market, it is only with extreme ingenuity that an equities investor can make a profit. It is difficult to short-sell in the U.S. equities market because of strict rules and regulations regarding the process. On the other hand, forex offers the opportunity to profit in both rising and declining markets because with each trade, you are buying and selling simultaneously, and short-selling is, therefore, inherent in every transaction. In addition, since the forex market is so liquid, traders are not required to wait for an uptick before they are allowed to enter into a short position - as they are in the equities market.
Due to the extreme liquidity of the forex market, margins are low and leverage is high. It just is not possible to find such low margin rates in the equities markets; most margin traders in the equities markets need at least 50% of the value of the investment available as margin, whereas forex traders need as little as 1%. Furthermore, commissions in the equities market are much higher than in the forex market. Traditional brokers ask for commission fees on top of the spread, plus the fees that have to be paid to the exchange. Spot forex brokers take only the spread as their fee for the transaction. (For a more in-depth introduction to currency trading, see Getting Started in Forex and A Primer On The Forex Market.)
By now you should have a basic understanding of what the forex market is and how it works. In the next section, we'll examine the evolution of the current foreign exchange system.
Spot Market and the Forwards and Futures Markets
Spot Market and the Forwards and Futures Markets
There are actually three ways that institutions, corporations and individuals trade forex: the spot market, the forwards market and the futures market. The forex trading in the spot market always has been the largest market because it is the "underlying" real asset that the forwards and futures markets are based on. In the past, the futures market was the most popular venue for traders because it was available to individual investors for a longer period of time. However, with the advent of electronic trading, the spot market has witnessed a huge surge in activity and now surpasses the futures market as the preferred trading market for individual investors and speculators. When people refer to the forex market, they usually are referring to the spot market. The forwards and futures markets tend to be more popular with companies that need to hedge their foreign exchange risks out to a specific date in the future.
What is the spot market?
More specifically, the spot market is where currencies are bought and sold according to the current price. That price, determined by supply and demand, is a reflection of many things, including current interest rates, economic performance, sentiment towards ongoing political situations (both locally and internationally), as well as the perception of the future performance of one currency against another. When a deal is finalized, this is known as a "spot deal". It is a bilateral transaction by which one party delivers an agreed-upon currency amount to the counter party and receives a specified amount of another currency at the agreed-upon exchange rate value. After a position is closed, the settlement is in cash. Although the spot market is commonly known as one that deals with transactions in the present (rather than the future), these trades actually take two days for settlement.
What are the forwards and futures markets?
Unlike the spot market, the forwards and futures markets do not trade actual currencies. Instead they deal in contracts that represent claims to a certain currency type, a specific price per unit and a future date for settlement.
In the forwards market, contracts are bought and sold OTC between two parties, who determine the terms of the agreement between themselves.
In the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard size and settlement date on public commodities markets, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In the U.S., the National Futures Association regulates the futures market. Futures contracts have specific details, including the number of units being traded, delivery and settlement dates, and minimum price increments that cannot be customized. The exchange acts as a counterpart to the trader, providing clearance and settlement.
Both types of contracts are binding and are typically settled for cash for the exchange in question upon expiry, although contracts can also be bought and sold before they expire. The forwards and futures markets can offer protection against risk when trading currencies. Usually, big international corporations use these markets in order to hedge against future exchange rate fluctuations, but speculators take part in these markets as well. (For a more in-depth introduction to futures, see Futures Fundamentals.)
Note that you'll see the terms: FX, forex, foreign-exchange market and currency market. These terms are synonymous and all refer to the forex market.
There are actually three ways that institutions, corporations and individuals trade forex: the spot market, the forwards market and the futures market. The forex trading in the spot market always has been the largest market because it is the "underlying" real asset that the forwards and futures markets are based on. In the past, the futures market was the most popular venue for traders because it was available to individual investors for a longer period of time. However, with the advent of electronic trading, the spot market has witnessed a huge surge in activity and now surpasses the futures market as the preferred trading market for individual investors and speculators. When people refer to the forex market, they usually are referring to the spot market. The forwards and futures markets tend to be more popular with companies that need to hedge their foreign exchange risks out to a specific date in the future.
What is the spot market?
More specifically, the spot market is where currencies are bought and sold according to the current price. That price, determined by supply and demand, is a reflection of many things, including current interest rates, economic performance, sentiment towards ongoing political situations (both locally and internationally), as well as the perception of the future performance of one currency against another. When a deal is finalized, this is known as a "spot deal". It is a bilateral transaction by which one party delivers an agreed-upon currency amount to the counter party and receives a specified amount of another currency at the agreed-upon exchange rate value. After a position is closed, the settlement is in cash. Although the spot market is commonly known as one that deals with transactions in the present (rather than the future), these trades actually take two days for settlement.
What are the forwards and futures markets?
Unlike the spot market, the forwards and futures markets do not trade actual currencies. Instead they deal in contracts that represent claims to a certain currency type, a specific price per unit and a future date for settlement.
In the forwards market, contracts are bought and sold OTC between two parties, who determine the terms of the agreement between themselves.
In the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard size and settlement date on public commodities markets, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In the U.S., the National Futures Association regulates the futures market. Futures contracts have specific details, including the number of units being traded, delivery and settlement dates, and minimum price increments that cannot be customized. The exchange acts as a counterpart to the trader, providing clearance and settlement.
Both types of contracts are binding and are typically settled for cash for the exchange in question upon expiry, although contracts can also be bought and sold before they expire. The forwards and futures markets can offer protection against risk when trading currencies. Usually, big international corporations use these markets in order to hedge against future exchange rate fluctuations, but speculators take part in these markets as well. (For a more in-depth introduction to futures, see Futures Fundamentals.)
Note that you'll see the terms: FX, forex, foreign-exchange market and currency market. These terms are synonymous and all refer to the forex market.
Investopedia explains Mini Forex Account
Mini forex accounts are commonly used by beginner traders who are looking to gain experience in the forex markets. Traders are not limited to only trading one lot at a time, so these accounts are ideal for increasing exposure as trading confidence builds. To make an equivalent trade to one standard lot, a trader can just trade 10 mini lots. By using mini lots instead of standard lots, a trader is able to customize the trade and obtain greater control of his or her risk.
What Does Mini Forex Account Mean?
A type of forex account that allows the trader to enter positions that are one-tenth the size of the standard lot of 100,000 units. A one-pip change in a currency pair (based in U.S. dollars), is equal to $1 when trading a mini lot, compared to $10 for a standard-lot trade. Mini lots are available to trade if you open a mini account with a forex dealer.
How to Get Started
People are introduced to the exciting world of foreign exchange in many ways: friends, current events, newspapers, television, and many others. For those of you who are new to forex, the following guidelines cover the basics of currency trading.
Step 1: "Practice makes perfect"
Demo trade. The demo account was designed to help traders gain familiarity with the speed and movements of the market. When you are demo trading, you should learn how to: 1) place market orders to enter a trade, 2) place stop-loss orders to protect your positions, and limit orders to take profits, 3) place OCO orders and If Done Orders to execute more advanced strategies.
Step 2: "Study, Study, Study".
Forex traders use fundamental analysis, technical analysis, quantitative analysis and sometimes a combination of all three to make their trading decisions. Fundamental analysis involves the use of economic, financial and political news to determine trading decisions. Technical analysis involves the study of Charts to predict future price movements based on past price patterns and trends. Quantitative analysis consists of the use of preset statistical models and properties in quantifying price formations such as averages, retracements as well as identifying oversold and undersold situations.
In order to help novice and experienced traders alike, MG has developed www.forexnews.com, a leading site on foreign exchange analysis, news and education. Comprehensive previews and summaries updated 4 times per day, insightful editorials covering the latest market developments and an open forum for discussing trading tips and ideas, are just some of the many features of Forexnews.com and MG's commitment to educating and informing Forex participants.
Step 3: Manage your money wisely.
You should always be aware of the amount of money in your account before placing a trade. If you think a long-term trend is developing, then you should consider whether you have enough funds to maintain your margin and withstand any movements against your position(s) that may occur. We encourage everyone who opens an account with us to ask themselves the following questions prior to entering each trade:
1) How much am I willing to risk?
2) What is my upside and downside potential?
3) What are the market conditions? (Is the market volatile or calm?)
4) What is the logic behind entering this trade?
5) When can I conclude if the assumptions/logic behind the trade are/is correct or wrong?
Before entering an order, you should consider both your entry and exit points. One of the mistakes most commonly made by traders, especially new traders, is letting emotions get in the way of their strategy.
Step 4: Stay Connected:
It is impossible to follow the forex market 24 hours day, 7 days a week. For better management of your account, we encourage you to use our Wireless Service and alert!FX™.
Step 5: Open a Live Account.
If you feel ready to trade this market, fill out our application forms and submit them today. Since the emotional factor may be higher than it was when you were demo-trading (as you are now committing real money), it is essential that you develop an effective strategy while demo-trading and plan to abide by it when trading your live account.
We hope you enjoy trading with us and wish you the best of luck!
Source: mgforex.com
Step 1: "Practice makes perfect"
Demo trade. The demo account was designed to help traders gain familiarity with the speed and movements of the market. When you are demo trading, you should learn how to: 1) place market orders to enter a trade, 2) place stop-loss orders to protect your positions, and limit orders to take profits, 3) place OCO orders and If Done Orders to execute more advanced strategies.
Step 2: "Study, Study, Study".
Forex traders use fundamental analysis, technical analysis, quantitative analysis and sometimes a combination of all three to make their trading decisions. Fundamental analysis involves the use of economic, financial and political news to determine trading decisions. Technical analysis involves the study of Charts to predict future price movements based on past price patterns and trends. Quantitative analysis consists of the use of preset statistical models and properties in quantifying price formations such as averages, retracements as well as identifying oversold and undersold situations.
In order to help novice and experienced traders alike, MG has developed www.forexnews.com, a leading site on foreign exchange analysis, news and education. Comprehensive previews and summaries updated 4 times per day, insightful editorials covering the latest market developments and an open forum for discussing trading tips and ideas, are just some of the many features of Forexnews.com and MG's commitment to educating and informing Forex participants.
Step 3: Manage your money wisely.
You should always be aware of the amount of money in your account before placing a trade. If you think a long-term trend is developing, then you should consider whether you have enough funds to maintain your margin and withstand any movements against your position(s) that may occur. We encourage everyone who opens an account with us to ask themselves the following questions prior to entering each trade:
1) How much am I willing to risk?
2) What is my upside and downside potential?
3) What are the market conditions? (Is the market volatile or calm?)
4) What is the logic behind entering this trade?
5) When can I conclude if the assumptions/logic behind the trade are/is correct or wrong?
Before entering an order, you should consider both your entry and exit points. One of the mistakes most commonly made by traders, especially new traders, is letting emotions get in the way of their strategy.
Step 4: Stay Connected:
It is impossible to follow the forex market 24 hours day, 7 days a week. For better management of your account, we encourage you to use our Wireless Service and alert!FX™.
Step 5: Open a Live Account.
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We hope you enjoy trading with us and wish you the best of luck!
Source: mgforex.com
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Friday until 22:00 GMT Sunday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, as of April 2007.
The $3.21 trillion break-down is as follows:
* $1.005 trillion in spot transactions
* $362 billion in outright forwards
* $1.714 trillion in foreign exchange swaps
* $129 billion estimated gaps in reporting
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Friday until 22:00 GMT Sunday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, as of April 2007.
The $3.21 trillion break-down is as follows:
* $1.005 trillion in spot transactions
* $362 billion in outright forwards
* $1.714 trillion in foreign exchange swaps
* $129 billion estimated gaps in reporting
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a worldwide decentralized over-the-counter financial market for the trading of currencies. Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of different types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.[1]
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Friday until 22:00 GMT Sunday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, as of April 2007.
Source: wikipedia
The primary purpose of the foreign exchange market is to assist international trade and investment, by allowing businesses to convert one currency to another currency. For example, it permits a US business to import British goods and pay Pound Sterling, even though the business's income is in US dollars. It also supports speculation, and facilitates the carry trade, in which investors borrow low-yielding currencies and lend (invest in) high-yielding currencies, and which (it has been claimed) may lead to loss of competitiveness in some countries.[2]
In a typical foreign exchange transaction a party purchases a quantity of one currency by paying a quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market started forming during the 1970s when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.
The foreign exchange market is unique because of its
* huge trading volume, leading to high liquidity
* geographical dispersion
* continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Friday until 22:00 GMT Sunday
* the variety of factors that affect exchange rates
* the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income
* the use of leverage to enhance profit margins with respect to account size
As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks.[citation needed] According to the Bank for International Settlements,[3] average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, as of April 2007.
Source: wikipedia
Basic Concepts For The Forex Market-2
Carry Trades
Currency values never remain stationary and it is this dynamic that gave birth to one of the most popular trading strategies of all time, the carry trade. Carry traders hope to earn not only the interest rate differential between the two currencies, but also look for their positions to appreciate in value. There have been plenty of opportunities for big profits in the past. Let's take a look at some historical examples.
Between 2003 and the end of 2004, the AUD/USD currency pair offered a positive yield spread of 2.5%. Although this may seem very small, the return would become 25% with the use of 10:1 leverage. During that same time, the Australian dollar also rallied from 56 cents to close at 80 cents against the U.S. dollar, which represented a 42% appreciation in the currency pair. This means that if you were in this trade - and many hedge funds at the time were - you would have not only earned the positive yield, but you would have also seen tremendous capital gains in your underlying investment.
The carry trade opportunity was also seen in USD/JPY in 2005. Between January and December of that year, the currency rallied from 102 to a high of 121.40 before ending at 117.80. This is equal to an appreciation from low to high of 19%, which was far more attractive than the 2.9% return in the S&P 500 during that same year. In addition, at the time, the interest rate spread between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen averaged around 3.25%. Unleveraged, this means that a trader could have earned as much as 22.25% over the course of the year. Introduce 10:1 leverage, and that could be as much as 220% gain.
Carry Trade Success
The key to creating a successful carry trade strategy is not simply to pair up the currency with the highest interest rate against a currency with the lowest rate. Rather, far more important than the absolute spread itself is the direction of the spread. In order for carry trades to work best, you need to be long a currency with an interest rate that is in the processes of expanding against a currency with a stationary or contracting interest rate. This dynamic can be true if the central bank of the country that you are long is looking to raise interest rates or if the central bank of the country that you are short is looking to lower interest rates.
In the previous USD/JPY example, between 2005 and 2006, the U.S. Federal Reserve was aggressively raising interest rates from 2.25% in January to 4.25%, an increase of 200 basis points. During that same time, the Bank of Japan sat on its hands and left interest rates at zero. Therefore, the spread between U.S. and Japanese interest rates grew from 2.25% (2.25% - 0%) to 4.25% (4.25% - 0%). This is what we call an expanding interest rate spread.
The bottom line is that you want to pick carry trades that benefit not only from a positive and growing yield, but that also have the potential to appreciate in value. This is important because just as easily as currency appreciation can increase the value of your carry trade earnings, currency depreciation could erase all of your carry trade gains and then some.
Getting to Know Interest Rates
Knowing where interest rates are headed is important in forex trading and requires a good understanding of the underlying economics of the country in question. Generally speaking, countries that are performing very well, with strong growth rates and increasing inflation will probably raise interest rates to tame inflation and control growth. On the flip side, countries that are facing difficult economic conditions ranging from a broad slowdown in demand to a full recession will consider the possibility of reducing interest rates.
Conclusion
Thanks to the widespread availability of electronic trading networks, forex trading is now more accessible than ever. The largest financial market in the world offers a world of opportunity for investors who take the time to get to understand it and learn how to mitigate the risk of trading here.
By Kathy Lien and Boris Schlossberg Investopedia.com
Currency values never remain stationary and it is this dynamic that gave birth to one of the most popular trading strategies of all time, the carry trade. Carry traders hope to earn not only the interest rate differential between the two currencies, but also look for their positions to appreciate in value. There have been plenty of opportunities for big profits in the past. Let's take a look at some historical examples.
Between 2003 and the end of 2004, the AUD/USD currency pair offered a positive yield spread of 2.5%. Although this may seem very small, the return would become 25% with the use of 10:1 leverage. During that same time, the Australian dollar also rallied from 56 cents to close at 80 cents against the U.S. dollar, which represented a 42% appreciation in the currency pair. This means that if you were in this trade - and many hedge funds at the time were - you would have not only earned the positive yield, but you would have also seen tremendous capital gains in your underlying investment.
The carry trade opportunity was also seen in USD/JPY in 2005. Between January and December of that year, the currency rallied from 102 to a high of 121.40 before ending at 117.80. This is equal to an appreciation from low to high of 19%, which was far more attractive than the 2.9% return in the S&P 500 during that same year. In addition, at the time, the interest rate spread between the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen averaged around 3.25%. Unleveraged, this means that a trader could have earned as much as 22.25% over the course of the year. Introduce 10:1 leverage, and that could be as much as 220% gain.
Carry Trade Success
The key to creating a successful carry trade strategy is not simply to pair up the currency with the highest interest rate against a currency with the lowest rate. Rather, far more important than the absolute spread itself is the direction of the spread. In order for carry trades to work best, you need to be long a currency with an interest rate that is in the processes of expanding against a currency with a stationary or contracting interest rate. This dynamic can be true if the central bank of the country that you are long is looking to raise interest rates or if the central bank of the country that you are short is looking to lower interest rates.
In the previous USD/JPY example, between 2005 and 2006, the U.S. Federal Reserve was aggressively raising interest rates from 2.25% in January to 4.25%, an increase of 200 basis points. During that same time, the Bank of Japan sat on its hands and left interest rates at zero. Therefore, the spread between U.S. and Japanese interest rates grew from 2.25% (2.25% - 0%) to 4.25% (4.25% - 0%). This is what we call an expanding interest rate spread.
The bottom line is that you want to pick carry trades that benefit not only from a positive and growing yield, but that also have the potential to appreciate in value. This is important because just as easily as currency appreciation can increase the value of your carry trade earnings, currency depreciation could erase all of your carry trade gains and then some.
Getting to Know Interest Rates
Knowing where interest rates are headed is important in forex trading and requires a good understanding of the underlying economics of the country in question. Generally speaking, countries that are performing very well, with strong growth rates and increasing inflation will probably raise interest rates to tame inflation and control growth. On the flip side, countries that are facing difficult economic conditions ranging from a broad slowdown in demand to a full recession will consider the possibility of reducing interest rates.
Conclusion
Thanks to the widespread availability of electronic trading networks, forex trading is now more accessible than ever. The largest financial market in the world offers a world of opportunity for investors who take the time to get to understand it and learn how to mitigate the risk of trading here.
By Kathy Lien and Boris Schlossberg Investopedia.com
Basic Concepts For The Forex Market-1
You don't have to be a daily trader to take advantage of the forex market - every time you travel overseas and exchange your money into a foreign currency, you are participating in the foreign exchange (forex) market. According to the 2007 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and Derivative Market Activity conducted by the Bank for International Settlements, the forex market generated $3.2 trillion dollars worth of transactions each day. This makes the forex market the quiet giant of finance, dwarfing over all other capital markets in its world.
Despite this market's overwhelming size, when it comes to trading currencies, the concepts are simple. Let's take a look at some of the basic concepts that all forex investors need to understand.
Eight Majors
Unlike the stock market, where investors have thousands of stocks to choose from, in the currency market, you only need to follow eight major economies and then determine which will provide the best undervalued or overvalued opportunities. These following eight countries make up the majority of trade in the currency market:
1. United States
2. Eurozone (the ones to watch are Germany, France, Italy and Spain)
3. Japan
4. United Kingdom
5. Switzerland
6. Canada
7. Australia
8. New Zealand
These economies have the largest and most sophisticated financial markets in the world. By strictly focusing on these eight countries, we can take advantage of earning interest income on the most credit worthy and liquid instruments in the financial markets.
Economic data is released from these countries on an almost daily basis, allowing investors to stay on top of the game when it comes to assessing the health of each country and its economy.
Yield and Return
When it comes to trading currencies, the key to remember is that yield drives return.
When you trade in the foreign exchange spot market, you are actually buying and selling two underlying currencies. All currencies are quoted in pairs, because each currency is valued in relation to another. For example, if the EUR/USD pair is quoted as 1.3500 that means it takes $1.35 to purchase one euro.
In every foreign exchange transaction, you are simultaneously buying one currency and selling another. In effect, you are using the proceeds from the currency you sold to purchase the currency you are buying. Furthermore, every currency in the world comes attached with an interest rate set by the central bank of that currency's country. You are obligated to pay the interest on the currency that you have sold, but you also have the privilege of earning interest on the currency that you have bought.
As an example, let's look at the New Zealand dollar/Japanese yen pair (NZD/JPY). Let's assume that New Zealand has an interest rate of 8% and that Japan has an interest rate of 0.5% In the currency market, interest rates are calculated in basis points. A basis point is simply 1/100th of 1%. So, New Zealand rates are 800 basis points and Japanese rates are 50 basis points. If you decide to go long NZD/JPY you will earn 8% in annualised interest, but have to pay 0.50% for a net return of 7.5%, or 750 basis points.
Leveraging Returns
The forex market also offers tremendous leverage - often as high as 100:1 - which means that you can control $10,000 worth of assets with as little as $100 of capital. However, leverage can be a double-edged sword; it can create massive profits when you are correct, but may also generate huge losses when you are wrong.
Clearly, leverage should be used judiciously, but even with relatively conservative 10:1 leverage, the 7.5% yield on NZD/JPY pair would translate into a 75% return on an annual basis. So, if you were to hold a 100,000 unit position in NZD/JPY using $5,000 worth of equity, you would earn $9.40 in interest every day. That's $94 dollars in interest after only 10 days, $940 worth of interest after three months, or $3,760 annually. Not too shabby given the fact that the same amount of money would only earn you $250 in a bank savings account (with a rate of 5% interest) after a whole year. The only positive over having the bank account earn you interest is that the return would be risk-free.
The use of leverage basically exacerbates any sort of market movements. As easily as it increases profits, it can just as quickly cause large losses. However, these losses can be capped through the use of stops. Furthermore, almost all forex brokers offer the protection of a margin watcher - a piece of software that watches your position 24 hours a day, five days per week and automatically liquidates it once margin requirements are breached. This process insures that your account will never post a negative balance and your risk will be limited to the amount of money in your account.
Despite this market's overwhelming size, when it comes to trading currencies, the concepts are simple. Let's take a look at some of the basic concepts that all forex investors need to understand.
Eight Majors
Unlike the stock market, where investors have thousands of stocks to choose from, in the currency market, you only need to follow eight major economies and then determine which will provide the best undervalued or overvalued opportunities. These following eight countries make up the majority of trade in the currency market:
1. United States
2. Eurozone (the ones to watch are Germany, France, Italy and Spain)
3. Japan
4. United Kingdom
5. Switzerland
6. Canada
7. Australia
8. New Zealand
These economies have the largest and most sophisticated financial markets in the world. By strictly focusing on these eight countries, we can take advantage of earning interest income on the most credit worthy and liquid instruments in the financial markets.
Economic data is released from these countries on an almost daily basis, allowing investors to stay on top of the game when it comes to assessing the health of each country and its economy.
Yield and Return
When it comes to trading currencies, the key to remember is that yield drives return.
When you trade in the foreign exchange spot market, you are actually buying and selling two underlying currencies. All currencies are quoted in pairs, because each currency is valued in relation to another. For example, if the EUR/USD pair is quoted as 1.3500 that means it takes $1.35 to purchase one euro.
In every foreign exchange transaction, you are simultaneously buying one currency and selling another. In effect, you are using the proceeds from the currency you sold to purchase the currency you are buying. Furthermore, every currency in the world comes attached with an interest rate set by the central bank of that currency's country. You are obligated to pay the interest on the currency that you have sold, but you also have the privilege of earning interest on the currency that you have bought.
As an example, let's look at the New Zealand dollar/Japanese yen pair (NZD/JPY). Let's assume that New Zealand has an interest rate of 8% and that Japan has an interest rate of 0.5% In the currency market, interest rates are calculated in basis points. A basis point is simply 1/100th of 1%. So, New Zealand rates are 800 basis points and Japanese rates are 50 basis points. If you decide to go long NZD/JPY you will earn 8% in annualised interest, but have to pay 0.50% for a net return of 7.5%, or 750 basis points.
Leveraging Returns
The forex market also offers tremendous leverage - often as high as 100:1 - which means that you can control $10,000 worth of assets with as little as $100 of capital. However, leverage can be a double-edged sword; it can create massive profits when you are correct, but may also generate huge losses when you are wrong.
Clearly, leverage should be used judiciously, but even with relatively conservative 10:1 leverage, the 7.5% yield on NZD/JPY pair would translate into a 75% return on an annual basis. So, if you were to hold a 100,000 unit position in NZD/JPY using $5,000 worth of equity, you would earn $9.40 in interest every day. That's $94 dollars in interest after only 10 days, $940 worth of interest after three months, or $3,760 annually. Not too shabby given the fact that the same amount of money would only earn you $250 in a bank savings account (with a rate of 5% interest) after a whole year. The only positive over having the bank account earn you interest is that the return would be risk-free.
The use of leverage basically exacerbates any sort of market movements. As easily as it increases profits, it can just as quickly cause large losses. However, these losses can be capped through the use of stops. Furthermore, almost all forex brokers offer the protection of a margin watcher - a piece of software that watches your position 24 hours a day, five days per week and automatically liquidates it once margin requirements are breached. This process insures that your account will never post a negative balance and your risk will be limited to the amount of money in your account.
What is Forex (Foreign Exchange)?
Foreign Exchange (FOREX) is the arena where a nation's currency is exchanged for that of another. The foreign exchange market is the largest financial market in the world, with the equivalent of over $1.9 trillion changing hands daily; more than three times the aggregate amount of the US Equity and Treasury markets combined. Unlike other financial markets, the Forex market has no physical location and no central exchange (off-exchange). It operates through a global network of banks, corporations and individuals trading one currency for another. The lack of a physical exchange enables the Forex market to operate on a 24-hour basis, spanning from one zone to another in all the major financial centers.
Traditionally, retail investors' only means of gaining access to the foreign exchange market was through banks that transacted large amounts of currencies for commercial and investment purposes. Trading volume has increased rapidly over time, especially after exchange rates were allowed to float freely in 1971. Today, importers and exporters, international portfolio managers, multinational corporations, speculators, day traders, long-term holders and hedge funds all use the FOREX market to pay for goods and services, transact in financial assets or to reduce the risk of currency movements by hedging their exposure in other markets.
MG Financial, now operating in over 100 countries, serves all manner of clients, comprising speculators and strategic traders. Whether it’s day-traders looking for short-term gains, or fund managers wanting to hedge their non-US assets, MG's DealStation™ allows them to participate in FOREX trading by providing a combination of live quotes, Real-Time charts, and news and analysis that attracts traders with an orientation towards fundamental and/or technical analysis.
Traditionally, retail investors' only means of gaining access to the foreign exchange market was through banks that transacted large amounts of currencies for commercial and investment purposes. Trading volume has increased rapidly over time, especially after exchange rates were allowed to float freely in 1971. Today, importers and exporters, international portfolio managers, multinational corporations, speculators, day traders, long-term holders and hedge funds all use the FOREX market to pay for goods and services, transact in financial assets or to reduce the risk of currency movements by hedging their exposure in other markets.
MG Financial, now operating in over 100 countries, serves all manner of clients, comprising speculators and strategic traders. Whether it’s day-traders looking for short-term gains, or fund managers wanting to hedge their non-US assets, MG's DealStation™ allows them to participate in FOREX trading by providing a combination of live quotes, Real-Time charts, and news and analysis that attracts traders with an orientation towards fundamental and/or technical analysis.
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